Vector graphics is a form of computer graphics in which visual images are created directly from geometric shapes defined on a Cartesian plane, such as points, lines, curves and polygons. The associated mechanisms may include vector display and printing hardware, vector data models and file formats, as well as the software based on these data models (especially graphic design software, computer-aided design, and geographic information systems). Vector graphics is an alternative to raster or bitmap graphics, with each having advantages and disadvantages in specific situations.While vector hardware has largely disappeared in favor of raster-based monitors and printers, vector data and software continues to be widely used, especially when a high degree of geometric precision is required, and when complex information can be decomposed into simple geometric primitives. Thus, it is the preferred model for domains such as engineering, architecture, surveying, 3D rendering, and typography, but is entirely inappropriate for applications such as photography and remote sensing, where raster is more effective and efficient....

Geodesic and Newtonian Vector Fields and Symmetries of Mechanical Systems

A stratified space is a kind of topological space together with a partition into smooth manifolds. These kinds of spaces naturally arise in the study of singular algebraic varieties, symplectic reduction, and differentiable stacks. In this paper, we introduce a particular class of stratified spaces called stratified vector bundles, and provide an alternate characterization in terms of monoid actions. We will then provide large families of examples coming from the theory of Whitney stratified spaces, singular foliation theory, and equivariant vector bundle theory. Finally, we extend functorial properties of smooth vector bundles to the stratified case.

A stratified space is a kind of topological space together with a partition into smooth manifolds. These kinds of spaces naturally arise in the study of singular algebraic varieties, symplectic reduction, and differentiable stacks. In this paper, we introduce a particular class of stratified spaces called stratified vector bundles, and provide an alternate characterization in terms of monoid actions. We will then provide large families of examples coming from the theory of Whitney stratified spaces, singular foliation theory, and equivariant vector bundle theory. Finally, we extend functorial properties of smooth vector bundles to the stratified case.

Vector most often refers to: Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction Disease vector, an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematics and physics Vector (mathematics and physics) Row and column vectors, single row or column matrices Vector quantity Vector space Vector field, a vector for each point Molecular biology Vector (molecular biology), a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell Cloning vector, a small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes Shuttle vector, a plasmid constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species Viral vector, a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic materials into cells Computer science Vector, a one-dimensional...

Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder John Warnock in 1991. PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008. The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020. PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video content), three-dimensional objects using U3D or PRC, and various other data formats. The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features. ...

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The terms computer-aided drafting (CAD) and computer aided design and drafting (CADD) are also used.Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation (EDA). In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software.CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict...

A search is performed for anomalous interactions of the recently discovered Higgs boson using matrix element techniques with the information from its decay to four leptons and from associated Higgs boson production with two quark jets in either vector boson fusion or associated production with a vector boson. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 38.6 inverse femtobarns. These data are combined with the data collected at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1 and 19.7 inverse femtobarns, respectively. All observations are consistent with the expectations for the standard model Higgs boson.

A search for the decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson into a $bbar{b}$ pair when produced in association with a $W$ or $Z$ boson is performed with the ATLAS detector. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 79.8 $mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ were collected in proton-proton collisions during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, an excess of events over the expected background from other Standard Model processes is found with an observed (expected) significance of 4.9 (4.3) standard deviations. A combination with the results from other searches in Run 1 and in Run 2 for the Higgs boson in the $bbar{b}$ decay mode is performed, which yields an observed (expected) significance of 5.4 (5.5) standard deviations, thus providing direct observation of the Higgs boson decay into $b$-quarks. The ratio of the measured event yield for a Higgs boson decaying into $bbar{b}$ to the Standard Model expectation is $1.01 pm 0.12 mathrm{(stat.)} ^{+0.16}_{-0.15} mathrm{(syst.)}$. Additionally, a combination of Run 2 results searching for the Higgs boson produced in association with a vector boson yields an observed (expected) significance of 5.3 (4.8) standard deviations.