There are currently various proposed space probes to focus on the exploration of the Solar System. For planned missions to the Moon see the dedicated list of missions to the Moon, with its section future missions. Launched probes are in the List of Solar System probes and the List of active Solar System probes. Scheduled missions Proposed missions Suspended missions The following missions were suspended or cancelled because of political, budgetary, or other reasons. The spacecraft were already assembled at the time of suspension/cancellation, so these missions can be resumed. See also Timeline of Solar System exploration Planned space telescopes Proposed space telescopes Planned heliophysics missions Planned Earth observation satellites Planned Moon missions Planned Venus missions Planned Mars missions Planned outer planets missions Future visits of minor planets and comets Future and proposed missions...

Social movements are groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on political or social issues. This list excludes the following: Artistic movements: see list of art movements. Independence movements: see lists of active separatist movements and list of historical separatist movements Revolutionary movements: see List of revolutions and rebellions Religious and spiritual movements: see List of religions and spiritual traditions and List of new religious movements List References External links ASA section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements Mobilization journal Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Changejournal Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest Interface: a Journal For and About Social Movements Social Movements: A Summary of What Works (pdf)

Writing genres (more commonly known as literary genres) are categories that distinguish literature (including works of prose, poetry, drama, hybrid forms, etc.) based on some set of stylistic criteria. Sharing literary conventions, they typically consist of similarities in theme/topic, style, tropes, and storytelling devices; common settings and character types; and/or formulaic patterns of character interactions and events, and an overall predictable form. A literary genre may fall under either one of two categories: (a) a work of fiction, involving non-factual descriptions and events invented by the author; or (b) a work of nonfiction, in which descriptions and events are understood to be factual. In literature, a work of fiction can refer to a flash narrative, short story, novella, and novel, the latter being the longest form of literary prose. Every work of fiction falls into a literary subgenre, each with its own style, tone, and storytelling devices. Moreover, these genres are formed by shared literary conventions that change over time as new genres emerge while others fade. Accordingly, they are often...

The following list of best-selling music artists includes musical artists from the 20th century to the present with claims of 75 million or more record sales worldwide. The tables list artists in descending order by claimed sales; artists with equal claimed sales are ranked by certified units. The claimed-sales and certified-unit figures include sales of albums, singles, compilation albums, and music videos as well as downloads of singles and full-length albums. Sales figures, such as those from SoundScan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, are not included in the certified-units column. Definitions From 2011 to 2021, the number of Platinum certifications for songs grew at an average annual rate of 18%. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for certification. The RIAA counts 10 downloads of individual tracks as well as 1,500 audio/video streams as an equivalent to one unit of album, including those from singles released before the album release. Theoretically...

The climate change policy of the United States has major impacts on global climate change and global climate change mitigation. This is because the United States is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world after China, and is among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person in the world. Cumulatively, the United States has emitted over a trillion metric tons of greenhouse gases, more than any country in the world. Climate change policy is developed at the state and federal levels of government. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines climate change as "any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time." Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer. The policy with the biggest US investment in climate change mitigation is the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The politics of climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations. The Democratic Party advocates for an expansion...

The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century is a list compiled in June 2025 by The New York Times, chosen by a voting poll of over 500 directors, actors and others around the world. The list's no-paywall link was publicly shared by the NYT's official Reddit account. Top 40 Results In the list, 45 films belong to the first decade of this century (2000-2009), 33 films between 2010 and 2019 and 22 films between 2019 and 2025. The majority of films in the list come from USA, followed by Europe (mostly United Kingdom and France), Asia (mostly South Korea and Japan) and Latin America (mainly Brazil). Bong Joon Ho's Parasite was voted as the top pick on both the original and readers' polls, as was the second top pick, David Lynch's 2001 neo-noir Mulholland Drive. Only ten films from the list have won the Academy Award for Best Picture: Parasite (1st), Moonlight (5th), No Country for Old Men (6th), The Departed (31st), 12 Years a Slave (51st), Oppenheimer (65th), Spotlight (66th...

The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo is a book written by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy and published in 1851. This book tells the story of the fifteen military engagements which, according to the author, had a significant impact on world history. Chapters Each chapter of the book describes a different battle. The fifteen chapters are: The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC Excerpt: "Two thousand three hundred and forty years ago, a council of Athenian Officers was summoned on the slope of one of the mountains that look over the plain of Marathon, on the eastern coast of Attica. The immediate subject of their meeting was to consider whether they should give battle to an enemy that lay encamped on the shore beneath them; but on the result of their deliberations depended, not merely the fate of two armies, but the whole future progress of human civilization." Defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, 413 BC Known as the Battle of Syracuse. Excerpt: "Few cities have undergone more memorable sieges during ancient and medieval times than has the city...

This is an incomplete list of multinational festivals and holidays. January Christianity Feast of the Circumcision: 1 January Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve): 5 January Epiphany: 6 January – the arrival of the Three Magi Armenian Apostolic Christmas: 6 January Orthodox Christmas: 7 January – in churches using the Julian calendar. Until the year 2100, 7 January in the Julian Calendar is equivalent to 25 December in the Gregorian calendar. Secular Saint Basil's Day: 1 January – In Greek traditions, he is the Father Christmas figure. New Year's Day: 1 January – First day of the Gregorian Year. Old New Year: 14 January – New Year's Day according to the "old" Julian calendar. Includes a winter ritual of strolling and singing that was later incorporated into the Christmas carol. Burns Supper. 25 January – Celebration of the life and poetry of Robert Burns, along with Scottish food and drink such as haggis and Scotch whisky. Sikhism...

This is a list of music genres and styles. Music can be described in terms of many genres and styles. Classifications are often arbitrary, and may be disputed and closely related forms often overlap. Larger genres and styles comprise more specific sub-categories. Classical Andalusian classical music Indian classical music Korean court music Persian classical music Kurdish classical music Ottoman music (Classical Turkish music) Western classical music Early music Medieval music (500–1400) Ars antiqua (1170–1310) Ars nova (1310–1377) Ars subtilior (1360–1420) Renaissance music (1400–1600) Common practice period (1600-1900) Baroque music (1600–1750) Galant music (1720–1770) Classical period (1750–1820) Romantic music (1780–1910) 20th and 21st-centuries classical music (1900–present): Modernism (1890–1930) Impressionism (1875 or 1890–1925) Neoclassicism (1920–1950) High modernism...

The Internet originated in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks. The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France. Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. J. C. R. Licklider articulated the idea of a universal network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Independently, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation proposed a distributed network based on data in message blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies conceived of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), proposing a national commercial data network in the United Kingdom. ARPA awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET...