Among 10 lipases tested, Candida rugosa lipase exhibited the best ability to catalyze the resolution of dl-menthol in organic solvent. The lipase was immobilized on different carriers, and the experiment was carried out with different acyl donors.

The preparation of hybrid ceramic-polymer electrolytes, consisting of 70 wt% of Li+ cation conducting Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and 30 wt% of P(EO)15LiTFSI polymer electrolyte, through a solvent-free procedure is reported. The LLZO-P(EO)15LiTFSI hybrid electrolytes exhibit remarkable improvement in terms of flexibility and processability with respect to pure LLZO ceramic electrolytes. The physicochemical and electrochemical investigation shows the effect of LLZO annealing, resulting in ion conduction gain. However, slow charge transfer at the ceramic-polymer interface is also observed especially at higher temperatures. Nevertheless, improved compatibility with lithium metal anodes and good Li stripping/plating behavior are exhibited by the LLZO-P(EO)15LiTFSI hybrid electrolytes with respect to P(EO)15LiTFSI.

Solid-state batteries have garnered attention due to their potentiality for increasing energy density and enhanced safety. One of the most promising solid electrolytes is garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) ceramic electrolyte because of its high

This paper describes an experimental study of the initiation of burning in gunpowder and of the way in which this develops and grows to explosion. There is evidence that initiation is due essentially to the formation of local hot spots; these may be formed by the adiabatic compression of air pockets, by the friction of grit particles and in other ways. The necessary temperature for these hot spots is remarkably low (ca. 130 degrees C) but it is sufficient to melt the sulphur. It is suggested that the formation of a liquid phase is important and that the process starts with the reaction of molten sulphur with the oxyhydrocarbons present in the charcoal. These oxyhydrocarbons which can be extracted from the charcoal with a suitable solvent, melt at a low temperature and can also provide a liquid phase. A high pressure is necessary before these reactions can proceed at a sufficient rate. A study is made of the way in which the initial reactions develop until the heat evolved is sufficient to start the main reaction, which is the oxidation of carbon by potassium nitrate. There is evidence that the acceleration of the initial reaction which leads up to the rapid burning is controlled by the oxyhydrocarbons present in the charcoal. High-speed camera studies show that the gunpowder grains themselves burn comparatively slowly in a layerwise fashion and suggest that the rapid propagation of the reaction from grain to grain is due to the emission of a hot spray of molten droplets of potassium salts.

In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid, but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid. A supersaturated solution is in a metastable state; it may return to equilibrium by separation of the excess of solute from the solution, by dilution of the solution by adding solvent, or by increasing the solubility of the solute in the solvent. History Early studies of the phenomenon were conducted with sodium sulfate, also known as Glauber's Salt because, unusually, the solubility of this salt in water may decrease with increasing temperature. Early studies have been summarised by Tomlinson. It was shown that the crystallization of a supersaturated solution does not simply come from its agitation, (the previous belief) but from solid matter entering and acting as a "starting" site for crystals to form, now called "seeds". Expanding upon this, Gay-Lussac brought attention to the kinematics of salt ions and the characteristics...

Greener Solvents Project Providing resources on greener solvent approaches in art and artefact conservation. Project Overview Research Platform Conferences Handbook Contact Become a Sponsor PARTNER INSTITUTIONS Scientific Advisory Committee Prof. Tom Welton OBE Professor of Sustainable Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK Dr. Bronwyn Ormsby Principal Conservation Scientist, Tate, London, UK Dr. Rosie Grayburn Scientist at … Read More »

Ang etanol (Ingles:ethanol) (tinatawag ding ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, inuming alak, o simpleng alkohol ) ay isang kompuwestong organiko na may pormulang kemikal. Ito ay isang alkohol, kasama ang formula nito na nakasulat din bilang C2H5OH, C2H6O o EtOH, kung saan ang Et ay kumakatawan sa ethyl. Ang ethanol ay isang pabagu-bago, nasusunog, walang kulay na likido na may katangiang tulad ng alak ang amoy at may masangsang na lasa. Ito ay isang sikoaktibong recreational na gamot, at ang aktibong sangkap na matatagpuan sa mga inuming alkohol . Ang ethanol ay natural na ginawa sa pamamagitan ng proseso ng pagbuburo ng mga asukal sa pamamagitan ng mga lebadura o sa pamamagitan ng mga proseso ng petrokemikal tulad ng ethylene hydration. Sa loob ng kasaysayan, ginamit ito bilang pangkalahatang pampamanhid, at may mga modernong aplikasyong medikal bilang antiseptiko, des-impektante, solvent para sa ilang gamot, at panlunas para sa pagkalason sa methanol at pagkalason sa ethylene glycol. Ito ay ginagamit bilang isang kemikal na pantunaw at sa sintesis ng mga organikong kompuwesto, at bilang...

Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol or just alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound whose chemical formula is C2H5OH, also written as C2H6O. It is the active part of alcoholic drinks, which are drunk in most cultures worldwide. Ethanol is also used as a solvent because it can dissolve many other chemicals and is not very toxic. Yeast makes most of the ethanol that people use. Ethanol fuel Ethanol fuel can be used instead of gasoline in cars and other engines. Engines can use pure ethanol or ethanol mixed with gasoline. In Brazil, ethanol fuel made from sugar cane provides 18% of the fuel for cars. Therefore, the country does not have to buy petroleum from other countries.To do so, much of the rainforest has been cut down to grow more sugarcane, which is then fermented into ethanol. Most cars in the United States can run on fuels that have of up to 10% ethanol in them. Carmakers like Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM also make vehicles specifically designed to run on higher ethanol blends. Some of their engines can run...