Blockchain technology is revolutionizing modern healthcare systems by addressing long-standing challenges related to data security, patient privacy, and interoperability. This comprehensive review explores the potential applications of blockchain across various domains of healthcare, including electronic health records, clinical trials, telemedicine, and pharmaceutical supply chain management. This review examines the core technical components of blockchain, such as smart contracts, public-key encryption, and consensus protocols, such as Proof of Stake and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance. It also evaluates relevant platforms, including Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, with a focus on their suitability for healthcare settings where privacy is paramount. The benefits of blockchain-enabled solutions, such as enhanced auditability, decentralized trust, and automation, are discussed, along with potential limitations and challenges, including scalability, regulatory uncertainty, and integration hurdles. To mitigate these issues, this review explores the development of hybrid blockchain-cloud solutions and their possible synergies with artificial intelligence technologies. This comprehensive review aims to assist researchers and healthcare providers in developing secure, patient-centric, and forward-thinking health information systems that leverage the transformative potential of blockchain technology while addressing the unique challenges of the healthcare industry.