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  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)
    Ganymede (moon)
    Ganymede, or Jupiter III, is the largest and most massive natural satellite of Jupiter as well as in the Solar System, being a planetary-mass moon. It is the largest Solar System object without an atmosphere, despite being the only moon of the Solar System with a magnetic field. Like Titan it is larger than the planet Mercury, but has somewhat less surface gravity than Mercury, Io or the Moon.Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water. It is a fully differentiated body with an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans combined. Its surface is composed of two main types of terrain. Dark regions, saturated with impact craters and dated to four billion years ago, cover about a third of it. Lighter regions, crosscut by extensive grooves and ridges and only slightly less ancient, cover the remainder. The cause of the light terrain's disrupted geology is not fully known, but was likely the result of tectonic activity due to tidal heating. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa...
    EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C
    Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation
    The Moon is generally believed to have formed from debris ejected by a large off-centre collision with the early Earth. The impact orientation and size are constrained by the angular momentum contained in both the Earth's spin and the Moon's orbit, a quantity that has been nearly conserved over the past 4.5 billion years. Simulations of potential moon-forming impacts now achieve resolutions sufficient to study the production of bound debris. However, identifying impacts capable of yielding the Earth-Moon system has proved difficult. Previous works found that forming the Moon with an appropriate impact angular momentum required the impact to occur when the Earth was only about half formed, a more restrictive and problematic model than that originally envisaged. Here we report a class of impacts that yield an iron-poor Moon, as well as the current masses and angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system. This class of impacts involves a smaller-and thus more likely-object than previously considered viable, and suggests that the Moon formed near the very end of Earth's accumulation.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NewA...54..115V
    Scaling in global tidal dissipation of the Earth-Moon system
    The Moon migrated to $r_{leftmoon}simeq3.8times10^{10}$ cm over a characteristic time $r/v=10^{10}$ Gyr by tidal interaction with the Earth's oceans at a present velocity of $v=3.8$ cm yr$^{-1}$. We derive scaling of global dissipation that covers the entire history over the past 4.52 Gyr. Off-resonance tidal interactions at relatively short tidal periods in the past reveal the need for scaling {with amplitude}. The global properties of the complex spatio-temporal dynamics and dissipation in broad spectrum ocean waves is modeled by damping $epsilon = h F/(2Q_0)$, where $h$ is the tidal wave amplitude, $F$ is the tidal frequency, and $Q_0$ is the $Q$-factor at the present time. It satisfies $Q_0simeq 14$ for consistency of migration time and age of the Moon consistent with observations for a near-resonance state today. It shows a startingly fast eviction of the Moon from an unstable near-synchronous orbit close to the Roche limit, probably in a protolunar disk. Rapid spin down of the Earth from an intial $sim30%$ of break-up by the Moon favored early formation of a clement global climate. Our theory suggests moons may be similarly advantageous to potentially habitable exoplanets.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AREPS..15..271S
    Origin of the Moon-The Collision Hypothesis
    By the impact or collision hypothesis, the author means any theory that seeks to derive the Moon-forming material from the outcome of one or more collisions between the Earth and other Sun-orbiting bodies. The impacting body or bodies must be large - larger than the Moon and perhaps even larger than Mars. This definition does not assume that the formation of the Moon was necessarily a singular event. Among proponents of the collision hypothesis, there are those who think that a single event overwhelmingly dominated and those who think that a few (or even many) impact events were needed. There are even versions of the collision hypothesis that are not very different from extreme versions of one of the alternative origin scenarios of capture, fission, and binary accretion! This review proceeds by advancing 10 propositions that the author believes embody the most important issues confronting the theory. These propositions may or may not be true, but they form a framework for asking the right questions.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatGe..12..696T
    Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics
    The date of the Moon-forming impact places an important constraint on Earth's origin. Lunar age estimates range from about 30 Myr to 200 Myr after Solar System formation. Central to this age debate is the greater abundance of 182W inferred for the silicate Moon than for the bulk silicate Earth. This compositional difference has been explained as a vestige of less late accretion to the Moon than to the Earth after core formation. Here we present high-precision trace element composition data from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for a wide range of lunar samples. Our measurements show that the Hf/W ratio of the silicate Moon is higher than that of the bulk silicate Earth. By combining these data with experimentally derived partition coefficients, we found that the 182W excess in lunar samples can be explained by the decay of the now extinct 182Hf to 182W. 182Hf was only extant for the first 60 Myr after the Solar System formation. We conclude that the Moon formed early, approximately 50 Myr after the Solar System, and that the excess 182W of the silicate Moon is unrelated to late accretion.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://science.nasa.gov/moon/
    Earth's Moon
    The Moon makes Earth more livable, sets the rhythm of ocean tides, and keeps a record of our solar system's history.
    SCIENCE.NASA.GOV
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    https://science.nasa.gov/moon/
    Earth's Moon
    The Moon makes Earth more livable, sets the rhythm of ocean tides, and keeps a record of our solar system's history.
    SCIENCE.NASA.GOV

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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CRGeo.339..917A
    The split fate of the early Earth, Mars, Venus, and Moon
    Plate tectonics shaped the Earth, whereas the Moon is a dry and inactive desert, Mars probably came to rest within the first billion years of its history, and Venus, although internally very active, has a dry inferno for its surface. Here we review the parameters that determined the fates of each of these planets and their geochemical expressions. The strong gravity field of a large planet allows for an enormous amount of gravitational energy to be released, causing the outer part of the planetary body to melt (magma ocean), helps retain water on the planet, and increases the pressure gradient. The weak gravity field and anhydrous conditions prevailing on the Moon stabilized, on top of its magma ocean, a thick buoyant plagioclase lithosphere, which insulated the molten interior. On Earth, the buoyant hydrous phases (serpentines) produced by reactions between the terrestrial magma ocean and the wet impactors received from the outer solar system isolated the magma and kept it molten for some few tens of million years. The planets from the inner solar system accreted dry: foundering of wet surface material softened the terrestrial mantle and set the scene for the onset of plate tectonics. This very same process also may have removed all the water from the surface of Venus and added enough water to its mantle to make its internal dynamics very strong and keep the surface very young. Because of a radius smaller than that of the Earth, not enough water could be drawn into the Martian mantle before it was lost to space and Martian plate tectonics never began. The radius of a planet is therefore the key parameter controlling most of its evolutional features.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450.1206T
    Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals
    The Moon is thought to have formed from debris ejected by a giant impact with the early `proto'-Earth and, as a result of the high energies involved, the Moon would have melted to form a magma ocean. The timescales for formation and solidification of the Moon can be quantified by using 182Hf-182W and 146Sm-142Nd chronometry, but these methods have yielded contradicting results. In earlier studies, 182W anomalies in lunar rocks were attributed to decay of 182Hf within the lunar mantle and were used to infer that the Moon solidified within the first ~60 million years of the Solar System. However, the dominant 182W component in most lunar rocks reflects cosmogenic production mainly by neutron capture of 181Ta during cosmic-ray exposure of the lunar surface, compromising a reliable interpretation in terms of 182Hf-182W chronometry. Here we present tungsten isotope data for lunar metals that do not contain any measurable Ta-derived 182W. All metals have identical 182W/184W ratios, indicating that the lunar magma ocean did not crystallize within the first ~60Myr of the Solar System, which is no longer inconsistent with Sm-Nd chronometry. Our new data reveal that the lunar and terrestrial mantles have identical 182W/184W. This, in conjunction with 147Sm-143Nd ages for the oldest lunar rocks, constrains the age of the Moon and Earth to Myr after formation of the Solar System. The identical 182W/184W ratios of the lunar and terrestrial mantles require either that the Moon is derived mainly from terrestrial material or that tungsten isotopes in the Moon and Earth's mantle equilibrated in the aftermath of the giant impact, as has been proposed to account for identical oxygen isotope compositions of the Earth and Moon.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.1591S
    Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar
    Range measurements from the lidar instrument carried aboard the Clementine spacecraft have been used to produce an accurate global topographic model of the Moon. This paper discusses the function of the lidar; the acquisition, processing, and filtering of observations to produce a global topographic model; and the determination of parameters that define the fundamental shape of the Moon. Our topographic model: a 72nd degree and order spherical harmonic expansion of lunar radii, is designated Goddard Lunar Topography Model 2 (GLTM 2). This topographic field has an absolute vertical accuracy of approximately 100 m and a spatial resolution of 2.5 deg. The field shows that the Moon can be described as a sphere with maximum positive and negative deviations of approx. 8 km, both occurring on the farside, in the areas of the Korolev and South Pole-Aitken (S.P.-Aitken) basins. The amplitude spectrum of the topography shows more power at longer wavelengths as compared to previous models, owing to more complete sampling of the surface, particularly the farside. A comparison of elevations derived from the Clementine lidar to control point elevations from the Apollo laser altimeters indicates that measured relative topographic heights generally agree to within approx. 200 in over the maria. While the major axis of the lunar gravity field is aligned in the Earth-Moon direction, the major axis of topography is displaced from this line by approximately 10 deg to the cast and intersects the farside 24 deg north of the equator. The magnitude of impact basin topography is greater than the lunar flattening (approx. 2 km) and equatorial ellipticity (approx. 800 m), which imposes a significant challenge to interpreting the lunar figure. The floors of mare basins are shown to lie close to an equipotential surface, while the floors of unflooded large basins, except for S.P.-Aitken, lie above this equipotential. The radii of basin floors are thus consistent with a hydrostatic mechanism for the absence of significant farside maria except for S.P.-Aitken, whose depth and lack of mare require significant internal compositional and/or thermal heterogeneity. A macroscale surface roughness map shows that roughness at length scales of 101 - 102 km correlates with elevation and surface age.
    UI.ADSABS.HARVARD.EDU
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  • The honeymoon is the traditional holiday taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage. It is usually a trip to a romantic destination, often to a beach or mountain resort. Common activities on a honeymoon include sightseeing, relaxing, and enjoying each other's company.

    By: ChatGPT AI
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  • ,

    And the sun was a great golden eye.



    The moon was a silver sliver bright,

    Shining down on the land below,

    It lit up the night with its silvery light,

    As if it were day in the night's glow.



    The stars were twinkling and shining so clear,

    Like diamonds in a velvet sky,

    They seemed to be dancing and spinning around,

    In their own special kind of sky.



    The wind was blowing softly and sweetly,
    Bringing peace and serenity to all below.
    It seemed to whisper secrets to me in the night,
    And I felt like I could fly away.

    The night sky was filled with beauty and wonder,
    And it made me feel so small.
    I gazed up at the stars in awe and admiration,
    And I knew that I belonged there too.

    By: ChatGPT AI
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  • .

    The moon is at the forefront of our minds as we celebrate the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong’s ‘small step’ on 20th July, 1969. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon, famously describing the moment as “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

    Since then, many more people have ventured to the moon and explored its surface. We now know much more about our nearest celestial neighbour than ever before. We have discovered that it has a vast array of features, from craters to mountains and valleys, and that it is covered in dust and rocks that are billions of years old.

    The moon has also been a source of inspiration for artists throughout history. From ancient cave paintings to modern-day photographs, its beauty has captivated us all. It is also an important symbol in many cultures around the world, often representing love, fertility or renewal.

    As we look up at the night sky this month and reflect on this incredible feat of human achievement, let us take a moment to appreciate the wonder of our closest celestial neighbour - the moon!

    By: ChatGPT AI
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  • A minor-planet moon, also known as a planetary satellite or natural satellite, is an astronomical body that orbits a minor planet as its natural satellite. As of January 2021, there are 218 minor planets known to have moons.

    The first confirmed discovery of a minor-planet moon was made in 1993 around 243 Ida by the Galileo spacecraft. The first unconfirmed claims were made in the 19th century for 8 Flora and 433 Eros. As of 2021, the largest known minor-planet moon is Charon, which orbits Pluto. The most massive known minor-planet moon is Dysnomia, which orbits Eris.

    By: ChatGPT AI
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  • Elon Musk - I Don't Ever Give Up | Gangsta's Paradise
    To the Moon Song: "Elon Musk gangsta paradise" Mix (Mikael Kun)(i dont ever give up)
    YouTube
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